Aen(d)hnsâ Jnem^¯n\v ap¼v Xs¶ At±lt¯mSv {]tXyI kvt\lmZchpIÄ sh¨p]peÀ¯nbncp¶ Hcp hn`mKw CkvemanI kaql¯nepണ്ടmbncp¶p. ChcpsS Cu BZchns\ sXämb \nebn NqjWw sN¿m\mbncp¶p C_v\p k_Dw Iq«cpw {ian¨p t]m¶ncp¶Xv. Dkvam³(d)hnsâ h[t¯msS CkvemanI kaql¯n cmjv{Sobamb `n¶n¸v Bcw`n¨p. `qcn]£w apkvenwIfpw Aen(d)hnsâ Jnem^¯v AwKoIcn¨psh¦nepw apBhnb(d)hpw kndnb¡mcpw hnLSnX {]Xn]£ambn \nesImണ്ടp. Aeo]£s¯ ioA¯p Aen F¶pw apBhnb ]£s¯ ioA¯p apBhnb F¶pw hnfn¨p. kzn^v^o³ bp²¯n\p tijapണ്ടm¡nb a²yØ Icmdnsâ {]Jym]\t¯msS ioA¯p Aen `n¶n¨v JhmcnPv F¶ thsdmcp hn`mKhpw IqSn Dണ്ടmbn. Aen(d) h[n¡s¸«tXmsS B[n]Xyw apBhnb(d)hn\mhpIbpw, Jnem^¯v ]n¶oSv At±l¯nsâ ]n³KmanIfpsS IpSpw_m[n]XyamhpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS apkvenw _lpP\§Ä¡v ]ns¶ Ahsc \ncp]m[nIw ]n´pWt¡ണ്ടnh¶p. AtXmsS ioA¯p apBhnb F¶ t]cv CÃmXmbn. ioA¯p Aen am{Xw Ahtijn¨p. ]n¶oSv AXv tem]n¨v shdpw inb am{Xambn. ioA¯v F¶Xv Ad_n hm¡mWv. I£n, ]mÀ«n Fs¶ms¡bmWÀYw. C_v\p k_Av ]e sXämb kn²m´§fpw {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶psh¦nepw BZy Ime¯v inbm¡Ä A¯cw sXämb Nn´mKXnIsfm¶pw DÄs¡mണ്ടncp¶nÃ. Aahn `cW¯n\p Iogn {Iqcamb aÀ±\§fpw \nc´camb AhKW\Ifpw klnt¡ണ്ടn h¶t¸mgmWv ChÀ kp¶¯v PamA¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯v t]mbn Ckveman\v Xs¶ \nc¡m¯ hnizmk§fpw BNmc§fpw {]tbmK¯n sImണ്ടphcm³ XpS§nbXv. Aen(d)hns\ kw_Ôn¨v At±lhpw Ckvemapw CjvSs¸Sm¯ Imcy§fmWv AhÀ {]Ncn¸n¨Xv. AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI\mb Cukm \_n(A)s\ ssZh]p{X\msW¶v {InkvXym\nIÄ hnfn¨Xv t]mse Chcpw Aen(d)hnt\mSpÅ AanX kvt\l¯m At±l¯n ]e A\mhiy ]ZhnIfpw Btcm]n¨p XpS§n. Nne lZokpIÄ hymJym\w sNbvXv Aen(d)hn\v BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amsc¡mfpw t{ijvSXbpsണ്ട¶pw \_n(kz)¡v tijw CkvemanI kaql¯nsâ Cama¯pw Jnem^¯pw Aen(d)hn\pw IpSpw_¯n\pw am{Xw AÀlXs¸«XmsW¶pw BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amcpw AXv X«nsbSp ¡pIbmWv sNbvXsX¶pw AhÀ hmZn¨p. Aentb, aqkm \_n¡v lmdq³ t]msebmWv Xm¦sf\n¡v, F¶m Fsâ tijw \_nbnà F¶ lZokpw Aen Fsâ ktlmZc\pw Fsâ ImcyØ\pw Fsâ ]n³KmanbpamWv, \n§Ä At±ls¯ A\pkcn¡Ww F¶ lZokpw \n§Ä Alvepss_Xns\ ]n´pScWsa¶ lZokpsams¡ X§fpsS hmZ§Ä¡v sXfnhpIfmbn inbm¡Ä D²cn¡m³ XpS§n. Aen(d)hnsâ acWw hsc inb aX]cambn A]ISIc§fmb `n¶ ho£W§sfm¶pw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶nÃ. F¶m ]n¶oSv AhÀ ]e hnNn{X hmZ§fpw sXmSp¯phn«p. Aen(d) \_nbpsS hkzn¿mWv, AXmbXv \_n¡v tijw CkvemanI kaql¯nsâ Bßobhpw `uXnIhpamb t\XrXzw Aenbnepw ]n¶oSv At±l¯nsâ IpSpw_ ]c¼cbnepamsW¶v \_n(kz) hkzn¿¯v sNbvXn«pണ്ടv, F¶mWv {][m\ambpw Ahcp¶bn¨ hmZw. CXnsâ ASnØm\¯n AhÀ A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d), Dkvam³(d) F¶o Jeo^amsc XÅn¸dªp. ]t£, CXn\v Ncn{X]camb asämcp ImcWw IqSnbpണ്ടmbncp¶p. Aen(d) acWs¸«tXmsS CdmJpImÀ At±l¯nsâ aq¯ aI³ lk³(d)hns\ Jeo^bmbn Ahtcm[n¨p. F¶m apkvenwIfpsS càw Nn´p¶Xv CjvSs¸SmXncp¶ At±lw CkvemanssIIyw \ne\nÀ¯m³ Øm\w Hgnªp. `cWw apBhnb(d)hn\v hn«psImSp¯p. AtXmsS _\q Da¿¯v AP¿ iànbmbn. AhÀ lminanItfmSv ISp¯ {IqcX ImWn¨ph¶p. lk³(d) kwibIcamb kmlNcy¯n acWs¸SpIbpw IÀ_ebn Aen(d)hnsâ cണ്ടmas¯ aI³ lpssk³(d)hpw At±l¯nsâ sNdnb A\pbmbn hrµhpw Iq«s¡me sN¿s¸SpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS apkvenw _lpP\§Ä¡v Aen IpSpw_t¯mSv AhmNyamb A\pI¼ tXm¶n. Aen IpSpw_s¯ A[nImc¯n sImണ്ടphcm\pÅ Xo{h bXv\§Ä \S¶p. ]et¸mgpw Cu {ia§Ä ]cmPb¯n Iemins¨¦nepw, Nne {]hniyIfn Cu ]£w A[nImc¯nse¯pIbpണ്ടmbn. AhnS§fn A[nImcw D]tbmKn¨v AhÀ ioCkw \S¸m¡n. Nne AahnIÄ JpXzp_bn t]mepw Aen(d)hn\v eAv\¯v sNmÃpambncp¶s{X. AXn\v Xncn¨Snbmbn BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amcpsS t]cn Nne ioCIfpw {]XnImcw ho«n. apkvenw kapZmb¯nse AÀlcmb BÀ¡pw CkvemanI Jeo^bmImsa¶v kp¶nIÄ k½Xn¡pt¼mÄ ]n³KmanXzw Aen IpSpw_¯n ]cnanXamsW¶v inbm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶p. inbm¡fnse Ahm´c hn`mK§Ä 1. Caman¿: ]e hn`mK§fnembn temI apkvenwIfn 15 tImSntbmfw inbm¡fpണ്ടv. ChÀ hyXykvX hn`mK§fmbn hnLSn¨v ]eXcw t]cpIfnemWv C¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Cu hn`mK§fn IqSpX {]NmcapÅXv Caman¿ hn`mKamWv. Caman¿ hn`mKw ]n¡me¯v Ckv\m Aivcn¿, CkvamCuen¿ F¶o hn`mK§fmbn thÀ]ncnªp. Cdm\nse apkvenwIfn _lp`pcn`mKhpw inbm¡fmWv. Ahcn `qcn]£hpw Ckv\mAivcn hn`mK¯n s]«hcmWv. AhcpsS hmZ§Ä C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: \_n(kz) acn¡p¶Xn¶v ap¼v Xs¶ kz´w ]n³Kmanbpw kapZmb¯nsâ Camapw Bbn, Xsâ aIfpsS `À¯mhmb Aen(d)hns\ \nÀt±in¨n«pണ്ടv. Aen(d)hnsâ k´m\]c¼cbn s]« ]{´v CamapIfn hnizkn¡Â CkvemanIambn \nÀ_ÔamWv. a\pjy\pw ssZhhpambpÅ _Ôw Øm]n¡m\pÅ hkoe(am[yaw)bmWv CamapIÄ. \_namÀ¡v apAvPnk¯pÅ t]mse CamapIÄ¡v Idma¯v(AXnam\pj kn²n) Ds¶v AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. A¼nbmCsâ apAvPnkm¯v acWm\´chpw \ne\n¡p¶Xv t]mse CamapIfpsS Idma¯pw AhcpsS acW tijw \ne\n¡pw. CamapIÄ¡v AÃmlphn \n¶v CÂlmav (AXo{µob Úm\w) e`n¡pw. Cu CÂlmw A\pkcn¨mbncn¡pw AhÀ icoA¯v \nba§sf hymJym\n¡pI. AhcpsS hymJym\§sf tNmZyw sN¿msX A\pkcn¡Â apkvenwIfpsS _m²yXbs{X. A¼nbm¡Ä aAvkzqapIfmb t]mse CamapIÄ alv^qfpIfmWv. AhÀ¡v A{]amZnXzapണ്ടv. A©p Ckvemw Imcy§sf ChÀ F®p¶Xv C{]ImcamWv: 1. \nkvImcw 2. kIm¯v. 3. t\m¼v 4. lÖv 5. hnemb¯v. A©pt\cs¯ _m¦phnfnbn hnemb¯nsâ {]Jym]\w IqSn AhÀ DÄs¸Sp¯p¶pണ്ടv. AivlZpA¶apl½ZÀdkqepÃm: F¶Xnt\msSm¸w AivlZpA¶Aen¿³ -hen¿pÃm: F¶p IqSn AhÀ Iq«n¸dbp¶p. {]XnIqe kmlNcy§fn ioCu hnizmk§Ä aäpÅhcn \n¶v ad¨v ]nSn¨v kp¶nbmbn A`n\bn¨v \S¡p¶Xn\v inbm¡Ä¡v hntcm[anÃ. CXns\ AhÀ aX¯nsâ kmt¦XnI `mjbn XJn¿v F¶v ]dbp¶p. Aen(d) C§s\ XJn¿v F¶ X{´w kzoIcn¨mWv CjvSanÃmªn«pw BZyw Jeo^amcpambn ss_A¯v sNbvXv kam[m\]cambn Pohn¨sX¶mWv ChcpsS hmZw. Hcp \nÝnX XpI \ÂIn \S¯p¶ XmÂImenI hnhmlw ChÀ¡v A\phZ\obamWv. CXns\ AhÀ apXvAXv hnhmlw F¶v ]dbp¶p. Camw PA^dpÊzmZnJv(d)hnsâ aZvl_mWv X§Ä ]n´pScp¶sX¶v AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶p. AXvsImണ്ടv Ahsc PAv^cn¿ F¶v IqSn hnfn¡mdpണ്ടv. apldw amk¯nse BZys¯ ]¯p Znhk§Ä AhÀ ZpxJmNcW Zn\§fmbn BNcn¡p¶p. IÀ_ebn Camw lpssk³(d) sImÃs¸«Xnsâ A\pkvacWambn«mWv AhÀ Cu ZpxJmNcWw \S¯p¶Xv. CXhÀ¡v aXm\pjvTm\§fpsS `mKamWv. A©pt\cs¯ \nkvImcw km[mcWKXnbn Xs¶ PwB¡n \nÀÆln¡p¶Xn\v ChÀ¡v hntcm[anÃ. CkvemanI kÀ¡mdptÅSt¯ ChÀ¡v PpapA: \nÀ_ÔapÅp. AÃm¯ cmPy§fn PpapA: km[phsömWv ChcpsS hnizmkw. Xmsg ]dbp¶hcmWv Ckv\mAivcnhn`mKw inbm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶ CamapIÄ: 1)Camw Aen(d) 2)lk³(d) 3) lpssk³(d) 4)ssk\pÂB_nZo³(d) 5)apl½Zv_mJnÀ 6)PA^dpÊzmZnJv 7)aqk Jmfnw 8)Aen¿pcnfm 9)apl½Zv XJn 10)apl½Zv \Jn 11) lk\p AkvIcn 12)A_qJmknw. Chcn 12mas¯ Camamb apl½Zv A_qJmknw Ct¸mgpw Pohn¨ncn¸pണ്ടv. Bt±lw Hfn¨ncn¡pIbmWv. temImhkm\w At±lw `qanbn {]Xy£s¸«v CkvemanI `cWw Imgv Nsh¡p¶XmWv. Ct±lamWv Camw alvZn. Ct±lw hcp¶Xv hscbpÅ Ime¯v At±l¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nIfmbn«mWv kaImenI CamapIÄ `cWw \S¯pI. Chsc Bb¯p Ãm: F¶v ]dbp¶p. \_nbpw CamapIfmbn F®s¸« ]Xns\m¶v t]cpw AhcpsS {]XntbmKnIfmbn inbm¡Ä hntijn¸n¡p¶ BZys¯ aq¶v Jeo^amcpw apBhnb(d), bkoZv(d) XpS§nb hcpw ]{´mas¯ Camamb alvZnbpsS `cW Ime¯v AXmbXv temIm´y \mfpIfn ]p\cpÖohn¡ s¸Sp¶XmsW¶v Ckv\m AivcnIÄ hnizkn¡p¶p. F¶n«v {]XntbmKnIsf P\§fpsS ap¼msI in£n¨v hoണ്ടpw acn¸n¡p¶XmWs{X. CXn\v tijta Jnbma¯v \mÄ kw`hn¡pIbpÅpsh¶mWv AhcpsS hnizmkw. kp¶nIsft¸mse ChcpsSbpw {]amW§Ä JpÀB³, lZokv, CPvamAv, Jnbmkv F¶nh Xs¶. aZvl_v hnizkn¡Â ChÀ¡v \nÀ_ÔamWv. Ckv\m Aivco hn`mKw PAv^cn aZvl_mWv ]n´pScp¶Xv. X§fpsS Bdmas¯ Camamb PAv^dpÊzmZnJmWv Cu aZvl_nsâ Øm]I³ F¶mWv AhÀ AhImis¸Sp¶Xv. lnPvd 83 At±lw aZo\bn  P\n¨p. Camw apl½Zv _mJndmWv ]nXmhv. Camw A_ql\o^(d) Ct±l¯nsâ in jy\mWv. aZo\ tI{µam¡nbpw CdmJv XpS§nb \mSpIfn k©cn¨pw At±lw ZÀkv \S¯n. Ct±lw Hcp sshZyimkv{XÚ\pw IqSnbmbncp¶p. Aºmkn `cWm[nImcn a³kzqÀ At±ls¯ XShnem¡n. Camans\ hnjw sImSp¯p sImÃm³ a³kzqÀ clky \nÀt±iw \ÂIpIbpmbn. lnPvd 148 iÆm 25\v aZo\bn h¨v At±lw càkm£nbmbn. kp¶nIfn \n¶v hyXykvXamb lZokv {KÙ§fmWv inbm¡Ä kzoIcn¨phcp¶Xv. Alepss_¯n\v ]pd¯pÅ kzlm_namÀ \nthZ\w sN¿p¶ lZokpIsfm¶pw AhÀ¡v kzoImcyaÃ. kp¶nIfpsS kznlmlpÊn¯ AhÀ AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃ. ]Icw thsd A©v lZokv {KÙ§fmWv AhcpsS {]amW§Ä. InXm_pÂIm^n, a³embkvXlvkzndÂ^Jolv, XlvZo_v, CkvXn_vkzmÀ, \lvPp _emK F¶nhbmWh. Chbn \lv PpÂ_emK Aen(d)hnsâ {]`mjW§fpsS kamlcamWv. Camw PAv^dpÊzmZnJn\ptijw Cama¯v BÀ¡v F¶ Imcy¯n XÀ¡n¨psImണ്ടv Caman¿ hn`mKw ]nfÀ¶p. CkvamCuen¿ F¶ asämcp I£n DSseSp¯p. _mXzn\nIÄ F¶ t]cnepw ChÀ Adnbs¸Sp¶p. CkvamCuen¿ I£nbpsS CamapIÄ cwK¯v \n¶v adªncn¡p¶hcmsW¶mWv AhcpsS hnizmkw. AhÀ¡v thണ്ടn AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIfmWv `cWw \S¯pI. Ckv\mAivcoIÄ aqk Imfnans\ Ggmas¯ Camambn AwKoIcn¡pt¼mÄ CkvamCuenIÄ PAv^dp_v\pÊzmZnJnsâ aq¯ ]p{X\mb apl½Znsâ aI³ CkvamCuen s\bmWv Camambn AwKoIcn¨p hcp¶Xv. Ckv\mAivcnIÄ AhcpsS CamapIÄ¡v \_namcpsS sXm«Sp¯ Øm\w \ÂIpt¼mÄ CkvamCuenIÄ AhcpsS CamapIÄ¡v ZnhyXzw t]mepw NmÀ¯p¶pണ്ടv. skmdmkv{SobÀ XpS§nb aX§fn \n¶v ]e kn²m´§fpw kzoIcn¨p sImണ്ടv Ckveman \n¶v Gsd AI¶ hn`mKamWv ChÀ. ]m¡nØm³, t_mws_, e_\m³, kndnb F¶nhnS§fn CkvamCuenIÄ [mcmfapണ്ടv. `qan imkv{X]cambn temI¯v FÃmbnS¯pw ChÀ hym]n¨pInS¡p¶p. F¶m Cdm³, CdmJv, sNNv\nb XpS§nb \mSpIfn _lp`qcn]£hpw Ckv\mAivcoIfmWv. Jpssa\nbpw Jman\nbpsams¡ ChcpsS Bßob t\Xm¡fmWv. {InkvXob aX¯nse¶t]mse inbm¡fnse FÃm hn`mK§fpw ]utcmlnXy ¯ne[njvTnXamWv. Xmsg¡nSbnepÅ Bßob t\Xmhns\ AhÀ ssisJ¶v hnfn¡p¶p. AXn\p aosXbmWv ssiJp Ckvemw. ]n¶oSv lpÖ¯p Ckvemw, AXn\v aosX Bb¯pÅ. Jpssa\n Bb¯pÅ, dqlpÃm F¶o ]ZhnIfmWv Ae¦cn¨ncp¶Xv. CXv It¯men¡m aX¯nse {]oÌv, _nj¸v, IÀ±n\mÄ, t]m¸v F¶o \nebnepÅ Hcp dneoPykv lbdmÀ¡nbmWv. ldmans\ lemem¡m\pw adn¨pw Bb¯pÅmamÀ¡v t]m¸ns\ t]mse¯s¶ A[nImcapsണ്ട¶v iobm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶p. Ckv\mAivco hn`mKw XmcXtays\ Ckvemant\mSv ASp¯p \n¡pt¼mÄ CkvamCuenIfpw Ahcnse Ahm´c hn`mK§fpw Ckveman \n¶pw _lpZqcw AI¶hcmWv. ZdqknIÄ, BKmJm\nIÄ, t_mdIÄ XpS§n CkvamCuenIÄ¡v Ht«sd Ahm´c hn`mK§fpണ്ടv. t]cpsImണ്ടv am{Xsa Chscsbms¡ Ckvemw KW¯n DÄs¸Sp¯m³ H¡pIbpÅp. Ckv\mAivco hn`mKw BZyIme Jpe^mCs\ Bt£]n¡mdnÃ. X§fpsS CamapIfpsS t]cpIÄ¡v tijw AhÀ AsselnÊemw ]dbpI ]XnhmsW¦nepw A_p_IvÀ(d) XpS§nb Jeo^amcpsSbpw ]e {]apJ kzlm_namcpsSbpw t]cpIÄ tI«m H¶pw ]dbmsX au\w ]men¡pIbmWv ChÀ sNbvXphcp¶Xv. CuPn]vXnse ssiJv iÂcqXv Hcp ^Xvhbn Ckv\mAivco hn`mKs¯ apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcn¨n«pണ്ടv. AhcpsS ^nJvlns\ A©mas¯ aZvl_mbpw At±lw AwKoIcn¡p¶p. 2. sskZn¿: CXv t]mse inbm¡fnse asämcp hn`mKamb sskZn¿sbbpw kp¶nIÄ apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcn¨phcp¶p. Camw lpssk³(d)hnsâ ]p{X\mb ssk\p B_nZo³(d)hnsâ ]p{X\mb sskZv(d)hnsâ aZvl_mWv X§Ä ]n´pScp¶sX¶mWv sskZn¿ hn`mKw inbm¡Ä AhImis¸Sp¶Xv. sskZv(d) alm ]WvVnX\mbncp¶psh¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. apAvXknen t\Xmhmbncp¶ hmkznep_v\p AXzmAv, Camw A_ql\o^(d) XpS§bhÀ Ct±l¯nsâ injy·mcmbncp¶p. Aahn `cWm[n Imcnbmbncp¶ lnimap_v\p A_vZnÂamenInsâ ZpÀ`cWw sImണ്ടv s]mdpXn ap«nbt¸mÄ lnPvd 122 At±lw cmjv{Sob¯nend§n. Iq^¡mcmb inbm¡Ä At±l¯n\v ]n´pW {]Jym]n¨psImണ്ടv apt¶m«ph¶p. F¶m bp²¡f¯n Gäpapt«ണ്ട L«sa¯nbt¸mÄ AhÀ At±lt¯mSv A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d), Dkvam³(d) F¶nhsc \nµn¨v kwkmcn¡m³ B hiys¸«p. AXn\v At±lw Iq«m¡nbnÃ. At¸mÄ AhÀ At±ls¯ Is¿mgn¨p. At±lw thZ\tbmsS AhtcmSv ]dªp: d^fvXpaq\o, At¿m, \n§sfs¶ Is¿mgn¨phtÃ! C§s\bmWv ioCIÄ¡v dm^nfpIÄ F¶ t]À h¶Xv. dm^nfpIÄ Jpe^mDÀdminZpIfn Aen(d) Hgn¨pÅhsc i]n¡p¶hcmWv. F¶m sskZnIÄ Gähpw anXhmZnIfmb inbm¡fmWv. AhÀ Jpe^mDÀdminZpIfn Bscbpw Bt£]n¡p¶nÃ. ba\nse inbm¡Ä sskZnIfmWv. im^nCu aZvl_nt\mSv henb A´canÃm¯ aZvl_mWv sskZn¿. ioCIfn Ckveman \n¶v AIem¯ hn`mKamWv Chsc¶v ]dbmw. Ckv\mAivcoIfpambn sskZv(d)hnsâ Ime¯v Xs¶ ChÀ sXän¸ncnªp. AhcpsS XJn¿v hnizmkw sXämsW¶v sskZnIÄ ]dªp. CamapIÄ ]m]apàcmsW¶ hnizmkhpw ChÀ¡nÃ. sskZnsâ ^XvhIfpsS kamlcamWv AÂaPvaqDv. sskZn¿m IÀ½ imkv{X¯nsâ ASnØm\ambn Cu {KÙw ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶p. F¶m Chcpw ]n ¡me¯v ]e D] hn`mK§fmbn thÀ]ncnªp. Ahcn {]apJ hn`mK§fmWv PmdqZn¿, kpsseam\n¿, lcocn¿, C_vXcn¿, bam\n¿ XpS§nbh. 3. ZpdqknIÄ Ad_o t]cpsണ്ട¶Xn Ihnªv Ckvemapambn ]db¯¡ Hcp _ÔhpanÃm¯ Hcp CkvamCueo {Kq¸mWv ZpdqknIÄ. lnPvd 5mw \qämണ്ടnsâ XpS¡¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ A_q A_vZnÃm apl½Zv_v\p CkvamCuepZpdqknbpsS A\pbmbnIsfbmWv ZpdqknIÄ F¶v hnfn¨p hcp¶Xv. CuPn]vXnse ^mXznan¿ `cWIqS¯nse kpÂXzm³ lmInw _n AwcnÃm ssZh¯nsâ AhXmcamsW¶v ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. e_\m\nemWv ZpdqknIfpÅXv. Iam Ppw_pemXv, JmenZv Ppw_pem¯v XpS§nbhÀ e_\m\n ChÀ¡v cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶p. kndnbbnepw ZpdqknIfpണ്ടv. BsI Bdv e£t¯mfw ZpdqknIfpÅXmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. inbm¡fn `qcn`mKhpw hnizkn¡p¶ XJn¿ kn²m´¯n Chcpw hnizkn¡p¶pണ്ടv. X§fpsS aX \nba§Ä km[mcW¡msc ]Tn¸n¡m³ ChÀ {ian¡mdnÃ. Úm\nIÄ F¶v hnfn¡s¸Sp¶ hn`mKw am{Xsa aX\nba§Ä ]Tnt¡ണ്ടXpÅpsh¶mWv AhcpsS kn²m´w. aXw ]Tn¡m¯ km[mcW¡msc ChÀ ]macÀ (Pplvlmev) F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. lmInw _n AwdnÃm BWv ChcpsS GI Cemlv. ChÀ Ct±ls¯ Bcm[n¡p¶p. lnµp¡sft¸mse, temI¯v im´nbpw kam[m\hpw \ne \nÀ¯m\pw ZpjvSsc Iogvs¸Sp¯m\pw ssZhw a\pjy\mbn `qanbn AhXcn¨psImണ്ടncn¡psa¶mWv ChcpsS hnizmkw. C§s\ ssZhw BZyw BZan AhXcn¨p. ]ns¶ AenbnÂ, ]ns¶ lmInansâ ]nXmhv A_vZp Akoknepw ]ns¶ aI³ lmInanepw AhXcn¨p. k\ymkw Úm\nIfpsS _m²yXbmbn«mWv ChÀ IcpXp¶Xv. lnµp¡sft¸mse Bßm¡fpsS ]p\ÀP·¯nepw ZpdqknIÄ hnizkn¡p¶p. HcmÄ acn¨m AbmfpsS Bßmhv Hcp \hPmX iniphneqsS hoണ്ടpw `qanbn P\\w sImÅp¶p. Ignª P·¯n ]m]w sNbvXhÀ¡v ]p\ÀP·¯neqsS \ÃhcmIm³ CXphgn ssZhw Ahkcw \ÂIp¶psh¶v AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. t\m¼v, \nkvImcw XpS§nb Bcm[\m IÀ½§fn \ns¶Ãmw lmInw, X§Ä¡v hnSpXn X¶n«psണ്ട¶mWv ChcpsS AhImihmZw. 4. t_mdIÄ C´ybnse CkvamCuenIsf t_mdIÄ F¶v hnfn¨phcp¶p. thmtlmdq³ F¶ KpPdm¯n ]Z¯n \n¶mWv Cu t]cnsâ DÛhw. lnµp¡fpsS CSbn \n¶v Ckvemante¡v h¶ Hcp sshiy kapZmbamWv t_mdIÄ. C´y¡v ]pdsa Ing¡³ B{^n¡, audojykv F¶nhnS§fnepw t_mdIfpണ്ടv. C´ybn ChÀ ZmhpZv_v\pJpXzp_pjmsb X§fpsS t\Xmhmbn AwKoIcn¨p. Chsc ZmhqZot_mdIÄ F¶v hnfn¡p¶p. ba\nIfn `qcn]£hpw kpsseam\p_v\plk³ F¶ t\Xmhns\ AwKoIcn¨p. Chsc kpsseam\nIÄ F¶v ]dbp¶p. Nn´I\pw Fgp¯pImc\pamb AkvKÀ Aen F©n\obÀ ZmhqZn t_mdIfnÂs¸« Hcp DÂ]XnjvWphmWv. ChcpsS Bßobt\Xmhns\ ChÀ k¿nZp\m F¶mWv hnfn¡mdpÅXv. 5. C_mln¿: ioCIfnÂs]« Hcp hn`mKambn Chscbpw AwKoIcn¨phcmdpണ്ടv. C_ml (kÀÆ X{´ kzX{´cmbn Pohn¡pI) F¶ ]Z¯n \n¶mWv C_mln¿bpsS DÛhw. aX \nba§sfm¶pw A\pkcn¡msX hyàn kzmX{´y¯n hnizkn¡p¶ Hcp hn`mKamWv ChÀ. hS¡³ t]Àjybn AkÀss_Pm\v kao]w ØnXn sN¿p¶ _mZv tI{µam¡n Ckvemansâ cq]`mh§Ä kzoIcn¨psImണ്ടv {]Xy£s¸« k_vCIfpsS Ahm´c hn`mKamb AÂIdmanXm hn`mK¯n s]«hcmWnhÀ F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. 6. Alvep lJv ssZh¯n\v Ggp AhXmcapsണ്ട¶v hnizkn¡p¶ ChÀ ZpdqknIÄ, \psskcnIÄ t]msebpÅ Hcp CkvamCueo Ahm´c hn`mKamWv. Aen ssZh¯nsâ Hcp AhXmcamsW¶v ChÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. Chcpw ]p\ÀP· kn²m´¯n hnizkn¡p¶p. 7. AehnIÄ IrkvXphÀjw 880 \ncymX\mb A_qipssl_v apl½Zv_v\psskÀ F¶bmfpsS A\pbmbnIsfbmWv AehnIÄ F¶v hnfn¨phcp¶Xv. Chsc BZyIme¯v \psskcnIÄ F¶mWv hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. CXv Hcp k¦c aXamWv. Ckvemapw {InkvXpaXhpw skmcmjv{Sob³ aXhpw lnµqbnkhpsaÃmw Aehn aX¯n kt½fn¡p¶p. kndnb, e_\m¬, XpÀ¡n F¶nhnS§fn AehnIsf ImWmw. InXm_p aPvaqAv Fs¶mcp ]pWy{KÙw AhÀ¡pണ്ടv. 8. BKmJm\nIÄ ioCIfnse CkvamCuen hn`mK¡mcpsS Camansâ Øm\t¸cv BKmJm³ F¶mWv. 46mas¯ Camw sXm«mWv Cu t]cv {]Nmc¯n h¶Xv. aq¶mas¯ BKmJm\mb kÀ apl½Zv jm 1877 Idm¨nbn P\n¨p. CkvamCuenIfpsS am{Xaà apkvenw kapZmb¯nsâ s]mXphmb {]iv\§fnepw kPoh XmÂ]cyw {]ISn¸n¨ At±lw BÄ C´ym apkvenweoKnsâ kap¶X\mb t\Xmhmbncp¶p. 1909 apX 1914 hsc At±lw apkvenw eoKnsâ {]knUmbncp¶p. 1936 apkvenweoKnsâ t\XrXz¯nte¡v h¶ apl½Zen Pn¶bpw P·w sImണ്ടv Hcp CkvamCuen inbbmbncp¶p. IÀ_e ioCks¯¡pdn¨pÅ Hcp ]T\¯n IÀ_e F¶ Øes¯bpw IÀ_e bp²s¯ bpw ]cmaÀin¡msX t]mIp¶Xv icnbmbncn¡nÃ. kXymkXy hnthNIamb _Zvdp Ip_vdm F¶ bp²¯n\v CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n apkvenwIÄ s]mXpsh I¸n¡p¶ {]m[m\ys¯¡mÄ hepXmWv ioCIÄ IÀ_em bp²¯n\v \ÂIp¶Xv. IÀ_em bp²s¯ {]iwkn¨v IhnXsbgpXnbXn\v AhÀ AÃmam CJv_mens\ Gsd BZcn¡p¶pണ്ടv. \_n(kz)bpsS ]u{X\mb lpssk\p_v\p Aen(d)hpw apBhnb(d)bpsS aI\mb b koZpw X½n \S¶ bp²amWv IÀ_e bp²w. lnPvd 61 aplÀdw 10 \mWv CXv \S¶Xv. 72 t]cS§p¶ Hcp sIm¨p kwLhpambmWv k¿nZpÈplZmAv lpssk\p_v\p Aen(d) bkoZnsâ h³ ssk\ys¯ t\cn«Xv. IÀ_ebn h¨v bkoZnsâ tk\m\mbI\mb C_v\pknbmZv lpssk³(d)hns\bpw ssk\ys¯bpw hfªp. bkoZnsâ ZpÀ`cWw Ahkm\n¸n¡m³ Iq^¡mcpsS £Ww e`n¨v ]pds¸«Xmbncp¶p lpssk³(d). ]t£, AhÀ At±ls¯ h©n¨p Ifªp. bq{^«okv \Znbn \n¶v shÅsaSp¡m³ t]mepw i{Xp¡Ä At±ls¯ A\phZn¨nÃ. kv{XoIfpw Ip«nIfpw Zmln¨p heªp. aZo\bnte¡v aS§m³ A\phZn¡Wsa¶v lp ssk³(d) A`yÀYn¨p. ]t£, Dss_ZpÃmln_v\pknbmZv k½Xn¨nÃ. UamkvIkn t]mbn bkoZns\ ImWm\pÅ A`yÀY\bpw AbmÄ sNhns¡mnÃ. bkoZns\ Jeo^bmbn AwKoIcn¨v ss_A¯v sN¿Wsa¶ i{Xp¡fpsS Bhiyw acWt¯mSv apJmapJw Iണ്ടv \n¡p¶ Ahkc¯n t]mepw AwKoIcn¡m³ [oc\mb Camw lpssk ³(d) X¿mdmbnÃ. bp²w Bcw`n¨p. BZyw Zzµzbp²ambncp¶p. ]n¶nSv Iq«¸Sbmbn. AXn lpssk³(d)hnsâ A\pbmbnIÄ Hmtcmt¶mtcm¶mbn sImÃs¸«p. lpssk³ (d)hnsâ Xe Adp¯v Ip´¯n \m«n C_v\p knbmZv bkoZn\v F¯n¨psImSp¯p. \_n(kz) ]eXhW Npw_n¨ B hnip² apJw bkoZns\t¸mepw Icbn¨s{X. apldw ]¯v hnem] Zn\ambmWv inbm¡Ä BNcn¡p¶Xv. s\©¯Sn¨pw icoc¯n\v ]oV\§tfÂ]n¨pw CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n \S¶ AXn{Iqcamb Cu kw`hs¯ inbm¡Ä Bണ്ടptXmdpw A\pkvacn¡p¶p. apldw H¶p apX ]¯v hsc Aip` \mfpIfmbmWv AhÀ IcpXnhcp¶Xv. \à Hcp {]hÀ¯\hpw Cu \mfpIfn Bcw`n¡m³ AhÀ X¿mdmInÃ. apldw ]¯v Ignbs« F¶v ]dªv amänsh¡emWv ]Xnhv. C¯cw Hcp Nn´mKXn kp¶nIfnepw Iണ്ടphcp¶pണ്ടv. apldw ]¯v hsc \lvkmsW¶ hnizmkw XoÀ¯pw AÔhnizmkamWv. Cu hnizmk¯n\v Ckveman bmsXmcSnØm\hpanÃ. apldw amk¯nse Znhk§fpsS t{ijvTXIsf ¡pdn¨mWv \_n(kz) ]dªn«pÅXv. apldw H¼Xn\pw ]¯n\pw t\m¼\pjvTn¡m³ \_n(kz) IÂ]n¨n«pണ്ടv. bq{^«oknsâ ]Snªmd³ Xoc¯v ØnXn sN¿p¶ IÀ_e F¶ ]«W¯n\v a¡bpsS alXzamWv inbm¡Ä NmÀ¯p¶Xv. Hcp thf AXntesd alXzw AhcXn\v IÂ]n¡p¶p. IÀ_embnse lpssk³(d) hnsâ aJv_d¡v dufm ico^ns\t¸msebpÅ alXzamWv AhÀ I¸n¡p¶Xv. CXv Hcp XoÀYmS\ tI{µamWv. ioCIfpsS kmwkvImcnI tI{µ§fn AXn{][m\s¸« H¶mWv IÀ_e. \P^pw Jqapw CXv t]mse ioCu kmwkvImcnI tI{µ§fmWv. 1801 lpssk³(d)hnsâ aJv_d C_v\p AZp hlvlm_nsâ A\pbmbnIÄ \in¸n¡pIbpണ്ടmbn. F¶m Cdm\nIfpw CdmJn ioCIfpw tNÀ¶v AXv hoണ്ടpw ]p\À \nÀan¨p. Aen(d)hnsâ aJv_d \P^nemsW¶v inbm¡Ä hnizkn¡p¶Xv sImണ്ടv AXpw Hcp knbmd¯v tI{µamWv. lÖn\v t]mIpt¼mÄ \P^pw IÀ_ebpw kµÀin¡p¶Xv ]pWyambn AhÀ IcpXp¶p. X½n t`Zw ioCIfn H«t\Iw Ahm´c hn`mK§fps¦nepw Ahcnse Ckv\mAivcnIsfbpw sskZnIsfbpw apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcn¨phcp¶p. B[p\nI temI¯v Hcp CkvemanIv dn¸»n¡v Øm]n¨Xv Cdm\nse Ckv\m AivcnIfmWv. AhcpsS t\Xmhv Bb¯pÅm dqlpÅm apl½Zv aqkhn Jpssa\nbmWv. kp¶nIfpambn hnizmk]cambpw IÀ½ ]cambpapÅ AI¨ Ignbp¶{X Ipd¨psImണ്ടphcm³ At±lw bXv\n¨p. Ccp]Xmw \qämണ്ടn CkvemanI sFIy¯n\v thണ്ടn {ian¨ hyànbmWt±lw. d_oD AÆen \_nZn\mtLmjw HcmgvN \o«ns¡mണ്ടv apkvenw bpWnän¡mbn BNcn¡m³ At±lw D¯chn«ncp¶p. Jpssa\n 1902 k]vXw_À 24\v Cdm³ XeØm\amb sSlvdm\n¶Sp¯pÅ JqanemWv At±lw P\n¨Xv. AXpsImണ്ടmWt±ls¯ Jpssa\n F¶p hnfn¨phcp¶Xv. Cdm\nse inbm¡fpsS ]ctam¶X aX t\Xmhmbn At±lw DbÀ¶p. Bb¯pÅm: dqlpÅm: F¶ Øm\t¸cn\v AÀl\mbn. aÀPDÂAAvem F¶ AXyp¶X Øm\t¯¡v At±lw XncsªSp¡s¸«p. CXv inbm hnizmk{]Imcw D¶X\mb apPvXlnZnsâ Øm\amWv. PAv^co aZvl _p {]Imcw kaImenI apkvenwIÄ Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp apPvXlnZns\ ]n³]ä \nÀ_ÔamWv. At±lw apXvzeJv apPvXlnZmbncn¡nÃ. aZvl_nse apPvXlnZmWv. Jpssa\nsb PAv^cn aZvl_nse kaImenI apPvXlnZmbn inbm¡Ä AwKoIcn¨p. Jpssa\n ZnIvdpw ZpBDw ZÀkv \S¯epambmWv BZy Ime§fn PohnXw \bn¨Xv. F¶m jmdnkm ]lvehnbpsS t\XrXz¯n Cdm³ Hcp Atacn¡³ tImf\n t]mse ]cnWan¡p¶Xpw P\X CkvemanI kwkv¡mcw Is¿mgn¨v ]mÝmXy ]cnjvImc¯nsâ ]pdsI t]mIp¶Xpw t\m¡n \n¡m³ B ]WvVnX a\Ên\v km[n¨nÃ. 1941  Bt±lw Iiv^p AkvdmÀ F¶ Hcp ]pkvXIw {]kn²oIcn¨p. jmbpsS tkzOm[n]Xy `cWs¯bpw, Atacn¡³ PohnX coXnItfmSpÅ {`as¯bpw, aXhncp² \nba§sfbpw At±lw AXn\ninXamb `mjbn {]kvXpX IrXnbn hnaÀin¨p. ]n¶oSv P\§tfmSv jms¡Xnsc PnlmZn\nd§m³ At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. P\§Ä {]t£m`§fpambn sXcphnend§n. 1963 amÀ¨v 22\v {]IS\¡mÀs¡Xnsc t_mw_v hÀjn¸n¨psImണ്ടv jm {]XnImcw ho«n. ]Xn\mbnc¡W¡n\mfpIÄ sImÃs¸«p. Jpssa\nsb XShnem¡n. P\tcmjw Bfn¸SÀ¶p. 1964 G{] 6\v Jpssa\nsb tamNn¸n¡m³ jm \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn. Jpssa\n ià\mb Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xmhmbn amdn. At±l¯nsâ P\]n´pW A\pZn\w IqSnh¶p. 1946 \h¼À 4\v Jqw \Kcw hfª jmbpsS clky t]menkv Jpssa\nsb AdÌv sNbvXp. XpÀ¡nbnte¡p sImണ്ടpt]mbn. CXdnªv P\w £p`nXcmbn. \msSm«p¡pw ]WnapS¡v \S¶p. {][m\a{´n a³kzqÀ sImÃs¸«p. Jpssa\n Hcp sImïn\v tijw CdmJnse ioCu ]pWy\Kcamb \P^nse¯n. 13 hÀ jw \P^n Pnhn¨ At±lw {]kwK tIkäpIfneqsS Cdm\nIsf bp² k¶²cm¡n. Jpssa\n¡v Gsd\mÄ CdmJn Ignbm³ ]ämsXbmbn. CdmJv hnSm³ KhÀs½v At±ls¯ \nÀ_Ôn¨p. HSphn 1978 HIvtSm_À BZy¯n At±lw ]mcokn A`bw tXSn. CtXmsS hn¹h {]hÀ¯\§Ä ]qÀÆm[nIw iàns¸Sp¯m³ Jpssa\n¡v Ignªp. Cdm\n hn¹h§Ä \nXy kw`h§fmbn. HSphn jm]qÀ `ànbmsd A[nImcw GÂ]n¨v 1979 P\phcn 16\v Cdm\nse jmC³jm, jm dkm]lvehn \mSphn«p. 1979 ^n{_hcn 1\v Jpssa\n Cdm\n Xncns¨¯n. s^{_phcn 5\v At±lw Hcp XmÂImenI KhÀs½ണ്ടv cq]nIcn¨p. alvZo _mkÀ Kms\ {][m\a{´nbmbn \nban¨p. jmbpsS tk\ Jpssa\nbpsS `mKt¯¡v Iqdpamdn. `ànbmÀ \mSphn«p. 1979 G{]n 1\v Cdm\n Ckveman¡v dn¸»n¡v Øm]n¨psImണ്ടv Jpssa\n {]Jym]\w \S¯n. ]n¶oSv At§m«v Atacn¡bpsS IpX{´§fmbncp¶p. Akm[mcWamb Bß ss[cyt¯msS Cdm\nb³ P\X Cu IpX{´§sf AXnPohn¨p. hn¹h§Ä sImണ്ടpw, {]t£m`§Ä sImണ്ടpw ]cn£oWamb Cdms\ Atacn¡bpsS \nÀt±i {]Imcw k±mw A{Ian¨p. Ip«nIsft¸mepw ]«mf¯n tNÀ¯psImണ്ടmWv Jpssa\n Cu B{IaWs¯ t\cn«Xv. C¶v Cdm³ ]ptcmKXnbpsS ]mXbneqsS Gsd apt¶dn¡gnªp. CkvemanI kwkvImc¯nsâ A´Êv DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶ Hcp P\Xbmbn Cdm\nIsf amän FSp¡m³ Jpssa\n¡v Ignªp. 1989 Pq¬ 3\v At±lw A´cn¨p. aäp inbm ]WvVnX·mcn \n¶v `n¶ambn Xsâ IrXnIfn At±lw BZys¯ aq¶p Jeo^amscbpw Gsd {]iwkns¨gpXnbn«pണ്ടv. ioCk¯n Fs´ms¡ XIcmdpIfpsണ്ട¦nepw Ccp]Xmw \qämണ്ടn Jpssa\nbpsS t\XrXz¯n Cdm\n Act§dnb Cu hn¹h¯nsâ CkvemanI ]cnthjs¯ ]pIgv¯msX \nÀÆmlanÃ.
BßobcwKs¯ hyXnbm\§Ä |
P_cn¿ | JZvcn¿ | apÀPnA | apAvXkne |
JmcnPo {]Øm\hpw ioC¿¯pw XpS¡¯n cmjv{Sob {]Øm\§fmbncp¶p. AhÀ cmjv{Sob¯nsâ t]cn hnizmk cwK¯pIqSn X§fpsS hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ hym]n¸n¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. Cu {]Øm\§sf t\cnSm³ JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw ZpÀhymJym\w sNbvXv hgn]ng¨pt]mb ]e {]Øm\§fpw lnPvd BZy \qämണ്ടpIfn Xs¶ DZbw sNbvXp. JhmcnPnIfpsS, h³]m]n AhnizmknbmsW¶ Xo{hhmZ \ne]mSns\ FXnÀ¯psImണ്ടv cwK¯v h¶ asämcp {]Øm\amWv P_cn¿. Plvav F¶ Hcp ]WvVnX\mWv Cu {]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhv. AXvsImണ്ടv At±lt¯mSv tNÀ¯v CXns\ Plvan¿ F¶pw ]dbmdpണ്ടv. a\pjy³ \nÊlmb\mWv, Ah\v H¶n\pw IgnhnÃ. FÃmw kÀÆià\mb AÃmlphnsâ CÑ¡pw Dt±iy¯n\pw A\pkcn¨mWv \S¡p¶Xv. AXv sImണ്ടv \nÊlmb\mb a\pjy\n \n¶v hcp¶ sNdpXpw hepXpamb Hcp ]m]¯n\pw bYmÀY¯n Ah³ D¯chmZnbà F¶v P_cnIÄ hmZn¨p. imizXamb kzÀK\cIw Fs¶m¶nÃ. Ah \in¡pw. ssZhs¯ Adnªh³ apAvan\mWv. ssZhs¯¡pdn¨pÅ AdnhnÃmbvabmWv Ip^vdv. JpÀB³ krjvSnbsöv ]dbp¶Xv icnbÃ. ssZh hnizmkn DÅn hnizmkw \ne\nÂs¡, \mhpsImണ്ടv \ntj[n¡p¶Xv aqew Im^ndmIpIbnà XpS§nb hnizmk§Ä ChcptSXmWv. lnPvd 128 Cu {]Øm\ \mbI\mb Plvav_v\p kz^vhm³ sImÃs¸«p. JZvcn¿ P_cnbm¡fpsS Xo{hhmZs¯ t]mse¯s¶ AXnsâ t\sc hn]coX Bibw DÄs¡mണ്ട asämcp Xo{hhmZ {]Øm\amWv JZvcn¿. P_cnIÄ a\pjyÀ¡v AhcpsS {]hÀ¯\§fn Hcp ]¦pansöv hmZn¡pt¼mÄ a\pjy IÀ½§Ä XoÀ¯pw a\pjycpsS A[o\Xbn s]«XmsW¶pw AhbpsS aosX A[oiXzapÅ Hcp A[nImc iànbpansöpw JZvcnIfpw hmZn¡p¶p. Npcp¡¯n AhÀ AÃmlphsâ ap³hn[nsb \ntj[n¡p¶p. "AÂJZvdp ssJdplp hiÀdplp an\Ãmln' F¶ kp¶o kn²m´s¯ ChÀ ]msS \ntj[n¡p¶p. apÀPnA JhmcnP, P_co, JZvco XpS§nb Xo{hhmZ kp¶o hncp² {]Øm\§Ä ¡nS¡v anXhmZnIfmbn cwK¯v h¶hcmWv apÀPnCIÄ. AhcpsS hmZKXnIÄ C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: AÃmlphn hnizkn¨ Hcmsf Ah³ F{X Xs¶ henb Ipäw sNbvXmepw Ahnizmkn F¶p hnfn¨pIqSm, Cu \ne¡v AhÀ JhmcnPnsâ, h³]m]nIÄ AhnizmknIfmsW¶ hmZs¯ FXnÀ¡p¶p. Aenbpw Dkvam\pw(d.lpw) CkvemanI kaqls¯ ]nfÀ¸nte¡v \bn¡pI hgn Ipä¡mcmsW¶v Chcpw k½Xn¡p¶p. Cu \ne¡v AhÀ JmcnPnIfpsS XXzhpambn tbmPn¡p¶p. F¶m ChcpsS Imcy¯n AÃmlphnsâ XoÀ¸v Im¯ncn¡pIbÃmsX \ap¡v A`n{]mbw ]dbm³ ]SnsömWv AhcpsS ho£Ww. Aenbpw Dkvam\pw kzÀKw kt´mjhmÀ¯bdnbn¡s¸« kzlm_nacmsW¶ Imcyw AhÀ hnkvacn¡p¶p. inbm¡Ä Aen(d)sb¡pdn¨pw At±l¯nsâ k´m\ ]c¼cIsf¡pdn¨pw {]Ncn¸n¨ncp¶ AXnitbmànIsfbpw, AahnIÄ apBhnb(d)hns\¡pdn¨v {]Ncn¸n¨n¨ncp¶ amlmßy§sfbpw AhÀ XÅn¡fªp. Aahn¿ `cWs¯¡pdn¨v AhcpsS \ne]mSv k´penXambncp¶p. {]ivWm[njvTnX ]n´pW F¶ coXnbmbncp¶p AhÀ A\phÀ¯n¨p t]m¶Xv. cmjv{Sob¯n ChÀ ImWn¨ Cu k´penX ho£Whpw klIcW `mhhpw aXImcy§fn AhÀ h¨p]peÀ¯n. IÀa§sf¡mÄ hnizmk¯n\mWv AhÀ {]m[m\yw I¸n¨Xv. Cu \ne¡v AhcpsS ho£Ww PlvanIfn \n¶v hfscsbm¶pw hnZqcaÃ. AÃmlphnsâ kvt\lw, HuZmcyw, \· F¶o KpW§Ä¡mWv AhÀ {]mapJyw I¸n¨Xv. hnizmknbmbXv sImണ്ടv Hcp apkvenan\v Fs¶¦nepw \cI tamN\ap ണ്ടmIpsa¶hÀ hnizkn¨p. F´p ]m]w sNbvXmepw Hcp hnizmkn imizX \cI in£¡v ]m{Xo`hn¡nà F¶v AhÀ hmZn¨p. apkvenamsW¦n GXv alm ]m]nsbbpw `cWm[nImcnbmbn AwKoIcn¡msa¶pw ]n¶n \n¶p sImണ്ടv \nkvIcn¡msa¶pw apÀPnIÄ A`n{]mbs¸«p. apAvXkne Ckveman hfÀ¶ph¶ Hcp bpànhmZ {]Øm\amWv apAvXkne. apIfn ]dª aq¶v hyXnbm\ Nn´Isft¸mse¯s¶ apAvXkne {]Øm\hpw C¶v temI¯v \ne \n¡p¶nÃ. F¶m ChbpsSsbms¡ Bib§fn ]eXpw ]e B[p\nI apkvenw kwLS\Ifpw kz´am¡nbn«pണ്ടv. Dab¯v `cWm[nImcnIÄ X§fpsS sXäpIsf \ymboIcn¡m³ thണ്ടn FÃmw AÃmlphnsâ ap³ hn[nbmsW¶pw X§fpsS sNbvXnIfn X§Ä¡v bmsXmcp D¯chmZnXzhpansöpw ]dªv Hgnªpamdm³ XpS§n. ChcpsS Cu Nn´mKXn Xs¶ Hcp {]Øm\¯nsâ cq]w {]m]n¨mWv P_cn¿ F¶ {Kq¸v \nehn h¶Xv. AahnIÄ¡v thണ്ടn {]Ncn¡s¸« P_cn¿ kn²m´s¯ Camw lk\p _kzcn(d) sXfnhpIÄ \nc¯n JÞn¨p. At±lw Alvep¯uloZn hÂAZv Fs¶mcp {]Øm\¯n\v Xs¶ cq]w sImSp¯p. F¶m lk\pÂ_kzcn(d)tbmsSm¸w {]hÀ¯n¨p h¶ncp¶ hmkznep_v\pAXzmDv Hcp ]pXnb {]iv\¯n\v XosImfp¯n. h³ ]m]n¡v tam£apsണ്ട¶v hmZn¨ncp¶ apÀPnA hn`mKw C¡me¯v kPohambn¯s¶ {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p. h³]m]n Im^ndmsW¶v JhmcnPv hmZn¨t¸mÄ h³]m]n apAvan\msW¶v apÀPnA hn`mKhpw hmZn¨p. hmkzn CXn\nS¡v ]pXnsbmcp kn²m´hpambn cwK¯ph¶p. h³tZmjw sN¿p¶h³ apAvan\Ã, Im^ndpaà F¶mbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ hmZw. F¶m AhÀ imizX \cI in£¡v hnt[bam¡s¸Spsa¶pw ]t£, Ah\v e`n¡p¶ in£ AhnizmknIÄ¡v e`n¡p¶ in£Isf¡mÄ eLphmbnc¡psa¶pw At±lw A`n{]mbs¸«p. Xsâ kl{]hÀ¯I\mb Awdp_v\pDss_Zv (ln.80þ144) BZy¯n hmkznensâ hmZw kzoIcn¡m³ hnk½Xn¨p. lk\pÂ_kzcn(d)bpsS {Kq¸nse anI¨ ZmÀi\nI\pw ^Jolpambncp¶p At±lw. hfsctbsd hmZ{]XnhmZ§Ä¡v tijw Awdpw XpSÀ¶v ]e {]apJcpw hmkznensâ {Kq¸n tNÀ¶p. {ItaW lk\p _kzcn(d)bpsS injy·mcn CsXmcp ]nfÀ¸n\v hgnsbmcp¡n. hmkznÂ, lk\p _kzcn(d)bpsS hnÚm\ kZÊv hn«v asämcp kZÊv kwLSn¸n¨p sh¶dnªt¸mÄ l k\p _kzcn(d) C{]Imcw {]XnIcn¨p: "CAvXke A¶m' (At±lw \s½ hn«p]ncªp) Cu {]tbmK¯n \n¶mWv apAvXknen F¶ t]cpണ്ടmbXs{X. apAvXknen {]Øm\¯nsâ Øm]I\pw apJy {]t_m[I\pw hmkznep_v\p AXzmAv Bbncp¶p. Bt±lw {]Øm\¯n\v \mev ASnØm\ XXz§Ä {]Jym]n¨p. 1. XuloZv 2 AZvev (a\pjy{]hÀ¯\¯n\v a\pjy\v Ignhpw D¯chmZnXzhpaps¶ \ymbw) 3. cണ്ടhØIÄ¡nSbnepÅ AhØ, AXmbXv hnizmk¯nsâbpw Ahnizmk¯nsâbpw CS¡pÅ AhØ. 4. Aen, apBhnb {]iv\§fn Hcp hn`mKw sXäpImcmbncp¶psh¶pw Bcmbncp¶p sXäpImsc¶v \nÀ®bnt¡ണ്ടXnsöpapÅ kq£vaXbpsS kao]\w. Cu \mep XXz§sf IqSmsX asämcp XXzhpw IqSn apAvXknenIfpsS ]n¡me t\Xmhmbncp¶ lpssZÂ, {]Øm\t¯mSpIq«nt¨À¯p. Awdpw _n aAvdq^v h \lvbp³ A\n ap³IÀ (\· IÂ]n¡Â, Xn· \ntcm[n¡Â) F¶Xmbncp¶p AXv. Cukm \_n(A)s\ IenaXpÃmln F¶v hntijn¸n¡p¶Xns\bpw JpÀB³ A\mZnbmsW¶ hmZs¯bpw apAvXknenIÄ FXnÀ¯p. JpÀB³ krjvSnbmsW¶mbncp¶p AhcpsS hmZw. AlvaZp_v\pl¼en(d) s\t¸msebpÅ AlvepÊp¶¯nsâ CamapIÄ apAvXknenIfpsS C¯cw hmZ§sf iànbmsbXnÀ¯v XShpw ]oV\§fpa\p`hn¨p. l¼en(d)¡v tijw Camw AivAcn(d)bpw amXpcoZn(d)bpambncp¶p hnizmk sshIey§fn \n¶v CkvemanI temIs¯ Im¯p c£n¨Xv. apAvXknen {]Øm\w sXmSp¯p hn« bpànhmZ§sf JpÀBsâbpw kp¶¯nsâbpw shfn¨¯n bpànbpsS ]n³_et¯msS Xs¶ AhÀ FXnÀ¯v tXm¸n¨v kp¶¯ns\ kwc£n¨p. ]ctemI¯v sh¨v AÃmlphns\ ImWm³ km[n¡psa¶ hnizmks¯ AhÀ \ntj[n¨p. a\pjy IÀ½§fpsS {kjvSmhv a\pjy³ Xs¶bmsW¶pw ssZh¯n\v AXn Hcp ]¦pansöpambncp¶p AhcpsS asämcp hmZw. ssZhw ZpjvIÀ½w CÑn¡pItbm hn[n¡pItbm sN¿nÃ. shdpw hnizmkw sImണ്ടv Cuam\pÅXmbn AwKoIcn¨pIqSm. hnizmkhpw IÀ½hpw IqSnt¨cpt¼mÄ am{Xsa Cuam³ BIpIbpÅpsh¶v AhÀ kn²m´n¡p¶p. h³]m]nIÄ Xu_ sN¿msX acn¨m \cI¯n t]mIpw. ImcWw Zpjv¡Àa§Ä¡v \cI in£bpsണ്ട¶v JpÀB\n hyàam¡nbn«pണ്ടv. \· IÂ]n¡epw Xn· \ntcm[n¡epw hyàn]camb _m²yXbmsW¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. apAvPnk¯pw Idma¯pw AhÀ \ntj[n¡p¶p. Aºmkn¿m Jeo^amcmbncp¶ AÂaAvaq³, AÂapAvXknw, AÂhmknJv F¶nhÀ apAvXknenIfmbncp¶p. A[nImc¯nsâ ]n³_e¯n ChÀ ]oV\ apdIfp]tbmKn¨v apAvXknenkw \S¸m¡n. Aºmkn¿m `cW¯nsâ Ahkm\t¯msS apAvXknenkhpw Ahkm\n¨p. AlvepÊp¶¯n h PamA¯nsâ iàamb {]Xntcm[w aqew apIfn ]dª an¡ {]Øm\§fpw Imem´c¯n \mamhtijambn. At¸mgpw inbm¡Ä X§fpsS hyXnbm\ Nn´Isf Øm]\h¡cn¨v sImണ്ടv Hcp {]tXyI hn`mKambn¯s¶ \nesImണ്ടp. F¦nepw temI¯nse _lp`qcn`mKw apkvenwIfpw \_nbpw kzlm_¯pw Pohn¨p Im Wn¨pX¶ Ckvemansâ {]mtbmKnI cq]§fmbn \mensemcp aZvl_v XncsªSp¯psImണ്ടv Pohn¨phcp¶p. hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ¡v thenIÄ XoÀ¯p sImണ്ടv hnizmk cwK¯v AivAco, amXpcoZo aZvl_pIfnsem¶pw IÀa cwK¯v l\^o, amenIo, im^nCu, l¼eo aZvl_pIfnsem¶pw bYmÀY CkvemanI icoA¯mbn kzoIcn¡s¸«p. AwKoIrX aZvl_pIÄ¡v tijw AJoZIfnepw, ^nJvlnepw kzX{´amb CPvXnlmZn\v Bhiyw CÃmXmbn. apXvzeJv apPvXlnZpIfpsS ImeL«w AtXmsS Ahkm\n¨p. aZvl_n\v AI¯v \n¶psImണ്ടv kaImenI {]iv\§fn At¸mgpw CPvXnlmZv \ne\n¶p t]m¶p. C¯cw apPvXlnZpIsf tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpIÄ F¶v hnfn¨ph¶p. kpbqXzn, kp_p¡n, \hhn, dm^nCu(d.lpw) XpS§nbhÀ im^nCu aZvl_nse Adnbs¸« tkm]m[nI apPvXlnZpIfmWv. Camw apl½Zpw, bqkp^p(d.lpw)amWv l\^o aZvl_n\v DuSpw ]mhpw s\bvX {]apJ·mÀ. CtX t]mse CXc aZvl_pIfpsS hfÀ¨¡pw hnImk¯n\pw B aZvl_pIÄ¡Is¯ [njWmimenIfmb ]WvVnX·mcpsS KthjWw hgnsXfnbn¨p. kzX{´ apPvXlnZpIfmb CamapIÄ¡v tijhpw JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw AhKmlw t\Snb At\Imbncw ]WvVnX·mÀ CkvemanI temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn FÃm Ime¯pw Dണ്ടmbn«pണ്ടv. F¶m AhscÃmw AwKoIrX aZvl_pIÄ¡v tkh\w AÀ¸n¨p sImണ്ടv Pohn¡pIbÃmsX ]pXnb aZvl_pIfpണ്ടm¡m³ apXnÀ¶nÃ. ImcWw hnizmk cwK¯pw ^nJvlo cwK¯pw ]pXnb KthjWw Bhiyansöv AhscÃmw a\Ênem¡n. _pJmcntbm apkventam XnÀaZntbm \kmCtbm \hhntbm dm^ntbm bqkpt^m apl½tZm aplbn±o³ ssitJm cn^mCtbm sslXantbm AkvJem\ntbm KÊmentbm kp_pIntbm _pÂJo\ntbm (d.lpw) H¶pw Xs¶ ]pXnb aZvl_pIfpണ്ടm¡m³ sa\s¡«nÃ. AXv Ckveman\v tZmjta hcp¯psh¶v AhÀ kapZmbs¯ HmÀan¸n¨p. KthjWw `uXnI cwK¯v, {]tXyIn¨v imkv{X kmt¦XnI aÞe§fn aXnsb¶ Nn´bmWv AhÀ hfÀ¯nbXv. F¶m CXns\Xnsc kp¶o temI¯v apg§nb BZys¯ apJy i_vZw ssiJp Ckvemw C_v\pssXanbbptSXmbncp¶p. l¼eo aZvl_pImc\mbncp¶ At±lw kzX{´ hn[n XoÀ¸n\pÅ AhImiw ]p\Øm]n¡Wsa¶v hmZn¨p. Nne hnjb§fn \mep aZvl_pIfpsSbpw AwKoIrX Xocpam\¯n\v hncp²amb Nne aX hn[nIÄ At±lw ]pds¸Sphn¡pIbpapmbn. F¦nepw Hcp ]pXnb aZvl_pണ്ടm¡m\pÅ [mÀjvSysam¶pw At±lw ImWn¨ncp¶nÃ. hyXnbm\ Nn´mKXn¡mcn ap¼\mbn IcpXs¸Sp¶ At±ls¯¡pdn¨pÅ Hcp sNdp hnhcWamWv NphsS tNÀ¡p¶Xv. C_v\pssXan¿: AlvaZv XJn¿p±o³ F¶mWv At±l¯nsâ t]À. lnPvd 661 d_oDÂAÆ 10\v ({Inkv Xm_vZw 1263 P\phcn 22\v) lÀdm\nemWv C_v\pssXanb ]nd¶Xv. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmhv inlm_p±o\pw ]nXmal³ aPvZp±o\pw l¼eo aZvl_nse {]kn²cmb ]WvVnXcmbncp¶p. aPvZp±osâ amXmhv ssXanb Hcp alm]WvVnXbmbncp¶p. Chcnte¡v tNÀ¯mWv XJn¿p±os\ C_v\p ssXanb F¶v hnfn¨p hcp¶Xv. XpS¡¯n l¼eo aZvl_v XJveoZv sNbvXpsImണ്ടp Pohn¨pt]m¶ At±lw ]n¡me¯v JpÀB\pw kp¶¯pw am{Xw Nn´bpsS am\ZÞam¡n. ]nXmhnsâ \ncymWt¯msS At±lw ZakvIkv ]Ånbn apZÀcnkmbncp¶p. A¶v At±l¯n\v 21 hbÊv am{Xambncp¶p {]mbw. CXn\nS¡v kndnb A{Ian¨ XÀ¯mcnIsf Xpc¯p¶Xn At±lw AXpeyamb ]¦v hln¨p. hmIvNmXpcnbpw cN\m ssh`hhpw H¶n¨p tNÀ¶ ]WvVnX\mbncp¶p At±lw. kzq^nks¯bpw ZmÀi\nIscbpw FXnÀ¯psImണ്ടmWv At±lw Xsâ `n¶kzcw {]ISam¡nbXv. \_n(kz)sb XhÊp sN¿p¶Xv icnbmsW¶v AwKoIcn¨ncp¶ At±lw aäp almßm¡sf XhÊp sN¿p¶Xnt\mSv hntbmPn¸v {]ISn¸n¨p. CkvXnKmkbn \n¶v hn«v \n¡Wsa¶pw At±lw D]tZin¨p. kzlm_namcn ]escbpw At±lw hnaÀin¨p. Jpe^mDdminZpIfmb DaÀ(d), Aen(d) F¶nhÀ At±l¯nsâ hnaÀi\¯n\XoXcmbncp¶nÃ. Aen(d) ap¶qdn ]cw sXäpIÄ sNbvXn«psണ്ട¶v Hcn¡Â At±lw ]dbpIbpmbn. C_v\pÂAd_n(d) At±l¯nsâ ZrjvSnbn hgn]ng¨ ZmÀi\nI\mbncp¶p. Camw KÊmen(d)sbbpw At±lw shdpsX hn«nÃ. CPvamAv kzoIcn¨p sImÅWsa¶nsöpw At±lw hmZn¨p. \cIw imizXasö hmZhpw At±l¯n\pണ്ടmbncp¶p. aq¶p XzemJpw H¶n¨p sNmÃnbm hnhml _Ôw k¼qÀ®ambpw ]ncnbpsa¶ kÀ imwKoIrX Xocpam\s¯ At±lw tNmZyw sNbvXp. Hcp thfbn F{X XzemJv sNmÃnbmepw H¶mtb ]cnKWn¡m³ ]mSpÅqsh¶v At±lw hmZn¨p. \_n(kz)bpsS J_vdv knbmd¯v Dt±in¨psImണ്ടv bm{X ]pds¸Sm³ ]mSnsö ]pXnb ho£Whpw At±lw apt¶m«p sh¨p. C¯cw \ho\mib§Ä aqew kaImenI ]WvVnX·mcpsS iàamb FXnÀ¸n\v At±lw ]m{Xo`qX\mbn. NneÀ At±ls¯ fzmÃpw, apfznÃpw (hgn]ng¨h\pw, ]ng¸n¡p¶h\p)sa¶v ap{ZIp¯n. Camw kp_pIn(d)bpw C_v\plPdpÂa¡n(d)bpsams¡ At±l¯nsâ ISp¯ {]XntbmKnIfmbncp¶p. ]WvVnX·mcpsS FXnÀ¸pIÄ IW¡nseSp¯ kÀ¡mÀ lnPvd 705 At±ls¯ PbneneS¨p. Pbn hmkw C_v\pssXanb {KÙ cN\¡v {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n. 37 hmfy§fpÅ ^Xmhm C_v\pssXanb Hcp _rlXv {KÙamWv. 728 ZpÂJAZv 20\v Pbnen sh¨mWv At±lw acn¡p¶Xv. 65 hbÊv {]mbapmbncp¶p. {InkvXym\nIsf JÞn¨psImണ്ടv AÂPhm_pÊzlolv ena³ _Ze Zo\Âakolv F¶ IrXnbpw ioCks¯ FXnÀ¯p sImണ്ടv an³lmPp Êp¶¯p¶_hn¿ F¶ IrXnbpw At±l¯nsâ {it²bamb cN\IfmWv. ]WvVnXcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä: Bib]cambn {]KÛ ]WvVnXscÃmw ssiJp Ckvemans\ FXnÀ¯n«pണ്ടv. ssiJp Ckvemw F¶Xv At±l¯n\v e`n¨ s{]m^j\ ssSänemWv. s{]m^kÀ Hm^v CkvemanIv ÌUokv F¶ AÀY¯n Zamkv¡knse aX ]T\ imebn \n¶pw e`n¨ ]ZhnbmWv. aX]camb Bib§fn sXäp]änbn«psണ്ട¦nepw C_v\ssXanbbpsS ]mWvVnXyw A\ntj[yamsW¶v C_v\plPdp AkvJem\n(d) bpw C_v\pIkodpw(d) ]dbpIbpmbn. Camw Iamep±o³ ka¡m\n At±l¯nsâ ISp¯ hnaÀiI\mbncp¶p. F¦nepw ioCks¯ FXnÀ¡p¶Xn At±lw AÀ¸n¨ ]¦v ka¡m\nbpw AwKoIcn¨n«pണ്ടv. At±ls¯ Im^nÀ F¶v hnfn¨hsc kaÀ¡m\n iàambn A]e]n¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. \nÀ`mKyhm\mb ]WvVnX³ F¶mWv NneÀ At±ls¯ hntijn¸n¨n«pÅXv. C_v\pssXanbm hmZ§Ä ]eXpw hnhmZ§fmsW¦nepw At±ls¯ Im^nÀ F¶v ]dbm\pÅ sXfnhpIÄ H¶pw At±l¯nsâ {KÙ§sf kkq£vaw hnebncp¯nb X\n¡v e`n¨n«nà F¶mWv Camw _pÂJo\n(d) ]dªXv. F¶m AlvaZp_v\p AZvdCsbt¸mse C_v\pssXanbsb {]iwkn¨hscbpw Ncn{X¯n ImWmw. A_p lk³ Aen\Zvhnbpw ]tcX\mb Ihn AÃmamCJv_mepw AXn s]Sp¶p. |
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